Defining Issues

What We've Found
Successful projects are those that respond to community needs and resolve community-identified problems. As "experts," we may have the tendency to quickly identify what we think the problems are, but unless we ask, most likely we will miss some or fail to understand which are the most important to a community. You’ve got to know what the problems are before they can begin to be solved.

Just the Facts
Identifying and describing issues is a systematic collection of information about opportunities, threats to resources, and challenges that currently face the project. Issues can be things such as use and access on private lands, section 4(f) properties, historic properties, increased dollars from tourism, endangered wildlife habitat, etc.

To comprehensively identify issues requires knowledge of a community and its economy. It also requires bringing together a diverse group of people including landowners, elected officials, special interest groups, recreationists, resource experts, and citizens. The process of defining issues is both an excellent consensus-building activity and an important element of decision-making.

Remember, a group needs to have a clear understanding of their purpose or mission in order to better define what types of problems will or will not be addressed.

How To Do It
1.   Gather the information.
There are many tools and techniques that can be used to help identify issues including group brainstorming, key informant interviews, and newspaper article analysis. Getting on the agenda of pre-established meeting schedules for local governments, civic or community groups is another idea. Surveys and focus groups can be used to elicit targeted information on issues. If a group brainstorming activity is organized with a facilitator guiding the process, be sure that all of the participants’ needs and concerns are recorded exactly as intended and posted for all to read and discuss. One of the challenges is to keep participants focused and ask that they refrain from talking about solutions.

2.   Categorize the list
Look at the list of issues and group those that are similar. Be sure to systematically mark or label each issue so that no one’s ideas are dropped. Initially, related issues should be grouped together to construct the broadest possible set of concerns, encompassing all points raised by project participants. If an issue does not fit under any particular theme, the group must decide if it is important enough to become its own category. Checking back with the originator to further discuss the concern and making sure he/she agrees with the group decision is important to gaining group buy-in to the process.

3.   Capture the category
For each topic heading, now have the group create statements that capture the essence of the issues. Similar issues are combined into one statement. The issues statements should describe current conditions that the group wants considered in the final decision-making process. For example: "Minimize adverse effects to historic downtown district?" Depending upon how many categories there are, and the size of the group doing the work, it may be advantageous to break up into smaller teams with each team assigned a category. When the work is done, review the statements together altering words and phrases as needed to that everyone agrees with what is stated and how it is stated.

4.   Do further research
Issues must be thoroughly understood if they are to be used effectively to resolve problems. Examining the causes and effects of a problem, its immediacy, and its major elements are part of this process. Find out who is concerned and how they are involved, the scope of any other planned actions that may affect a project, roots of the problem, what geographic areas or resources may be affected, and the timetable for any planned actions relating to the problem.

5.   Decide which issues to resolve
Now knowing more about each issue, prioritize or rank the issues in the order in which they can be feasibly and realistically addressed. Other groups may best address some issues, some issues may be too controversial or problematic, and some may relate to ongoing, long-term problems that are difficult to resolve.

To help make these determinations, consider these three factors:

Magnitude: Issues that are perceived to have the greatest impact on the resource or community will garner the most public attention and support for action. Issues such as clear-cutting forest lands will have immediately visible impacts on resources, while issues such as induced development may appear to be less dramatic issues although they may have a more pervasive impact over time.
Attitude: Attitudes toward the use of resources and concerns about a project may differ. If the public does not readily respond to a problem, an educational effort may be necessary. This approach can build support and a constituency for resolving the issue.
Timeframe: If surveys or focus groups are used as part of the information gathering process, people can be asked to rank the original list of issues according to which are more important or should be addressed first.

Definition
Environmental, social, economic, recreational, political, and other factors that are perceived by a community or group of people as important when making a transportation decision.

Use It If...
You want to form a consensus among a number of people about the problems or challenges for a project.
You plan on building a strong public involvement campaign. Identifying issues launches setting goals and developing action agendas.
You need to better understand relationships among problems.
You want the group to focus on its purpose.

Forget It If...
You need a quick action in response to a clear, single threat.
You cannot find a broad based constituency to present different views.

Timing is Everything
Define issues in the beginning stage of a planning process. Revisit them as the project progresses to verify validity and prioritization.

Examples:

Formal Comment Session - D8- Item No. 8-59.2